北京市海淀区土壤节肢动物群落特征

掌握城市土壤节肢动物的群落结构和物种组成对保护城市物种多样性具有重要意义.用手拣法和干漏斗法对北京市土壤节肢动物进行调查,共得土壤节肢动物样本4 984个,隶属6纲16目,共36个类群,其中蜱螨目、蚁科和弹尾目是优势类群,分别占个体总数的32.60%,27.83%,26.91%.不同功能区土壤节肢动物群落特征不同,平均密度为公园＞机关单位＞校园＞工业区＞交通干线＞住宅区,丰富度为公园＞交通干线＞校园＞工业区＞机关单位＞住宅区.不同地表植被状况下,土壤节肢动物的平均密度、丰富度和多样性指数排序均为林地＞草地＞行道树＞裸地.另外土壤节肢动物的个体数和类群数随着土层的加深而减少.北京市土壤节肢动物群落组成与同地带森林生态系统土壤节肢动物群落组成基本相同.     

First detection of the fruit fly Bactrocera synnephes (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Iriomote Island, south-western Japan

Bactrocera synnephes, a fruit fly species common in Taiwan, was first detected in Japan in 2006, when several male adults were trapped at Kanokawa, an uninhabited coastal area of Iriomote Island, Okinawa (200 km from Taiwan). To examine potential colonization by B. synnephes, we collected fruit of the wild gourd Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae), a host of the fruit fly, as well as other cucurbitaceous species, in Kanokawa and other areas of Iriomote Island. No B. synnephes infestation was found on any cucurbitaceous plants. Based on these results, we conclude that B. synnephes had very recently invaded Iriomote Island, possibly from Taiwan, but had failed to colonize. Bactrocera synnephes may have entered Iriomote Island by natural or human‐induced means, but a human‐induced invasion pathway is less likely in light of the non‐pest status of the species in Taiwan. The disappearance of B. synnephes from Iriomote Island may be related to the loss of host fruit as a result of tropical cyclones. Although B. synnephes is not regarded as a pest elsewhere, the pest status of the species is unclear in Okinawa, where no fruit fly pests currently attack commercial cucurbitaceous fruit. We must remain alert for possible re‐invasion by B. synnephes.     

瓜实蝇耐低温相关生理指标的测定

【目的】了解瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett)对低温的耐受性,分析其不同发育阶段耐寒力差异。【方法】以不同发育阶段瓜实蝇为实验材料,分别测定并比较了过冷却点、水分、脂肪、甘油和糖类含量的变化情况。【结果】其不同龄期的过冷却点差异显著,5日龄蛹的过冷却点最低,为﹣17.04℃,1日龄幼虫的过冷却点最高,为﹣11.82℃,同一日龄的雌、雄成虫之间的过冷却点无显著差异;其幼虫期和蛹期虫体的含水量随着龄期的增长而下降,从1日龄幼虫79.64%下降到5日龄蛹65.31%,5日龄蛹的含水量显著低于其他龄期瓜实蝇,成虫期各龄期雌成虫含水量均显著高于雄成虫;5日龄幼虫脂肪含量最高,为32.90%,1日龄雄成虫和14日龄雄成虫脂肪含量最低,均为15%;幼虫期甘油含量随着龄期的增长而下降,从3.32μg/mg下降到1.12μg/mg,而蛹期逐渐上升,14日龄雌成虫甘油含量最高,为5.90μg/mg;1日龄幼虫总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量均最高,分别为7.51、0.94和1.93μg/mg,显著高于其他龄期瓜实蝇,蛹期糖类含量逐渐下降,而成虫期糖类含量随龄期增长而逐渐升高。【结论】本研究结果可为正确评估瓜实蝇的地理适应性和低温检疫处理提供依据。     

寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育及寄生效能的影响

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂,该蜂可寄生家蝇、瓜实蝇、橘小实蝇和南瓜实蝇等多种蝇类害虫。研究蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主的选择性及在不同寄主上的发育情况有助于该寄生蜂的扩繁和利用。【方法】在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹、南瓜实蝇蛹和橘小实蝇蛹的寄生率及子代蜂发育、寿命的影响。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹、橘小实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹上均能产卵并发育至成虫,其对瓜实蝇蛹的选择系数和寄生率分别为0.37和55.33%,显著高于其对另外2种实蝇蛹。在非选择条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹上的出蜂量最高,发育历期最短。在同一寄主条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂的发育历期、寿命显著较雄蜂的长,雌蜂的质量显著大于雄蜂。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂可用于瓜实蝇的防治,瓜实蝇蛹是扩繁蝇蛹俑小蜂的理想寄主。     

Influence of physico-chemical traits of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. on larval density and resistance to melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)

Abstract:  Melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) is one of the most important pests of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. Because of the difficulties associated with chemical control of this pest, it is important to identify the traits associated with resistance and their influence on pest multiplication. There were significant differences in test genotypes for fruit infestation and larval density/fruit. The wild accessions, IC 256185, IC 248256, IC 213311, IC 248282, IC 256110 and IC 248281 were identified as resistance sources to melon fruit fly. There was a significant and positive correlation ( r  = 0.96) between percentage fruit infestation and larval density/fruit. Percentage fruit infestation and larval density/fruit were positively correlated with depth of ribs, flesh thickness, fruit diameter and fruit length, and negatively associated with fruit toughness. Flesh thickness and fruit diameter explained 93.0% of the total variation for fruit fly infestation, and flesh thickness and fruit length explained 76.3% of the variation for larval density/fruit. Ascorbic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars were negatively correlated, while the moisture content showed a positive association with fruit fly infestation and larval density/fruit. Moisture, potassium and reducing sugar content explained 97.4% of the total variation in fruit infestation, while moisture, phosphorus, protein, reducing and total sugars explained 85.7% variation for larval density/fruit.     

Effects of temperature on the fecundity and longevity of Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on artificial diet

The melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is an important polyphagous pest that damages to various agricultural crops, whose distribution has become global as a result of human activity. In this study, we investigated the fecundity, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, and the longevity of adult Z. cucurbitae at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35.2°C. One newly emerged one virgin female and two males of Z. cucurbitae were used, and the longevity of both sexes and the fecundity of the females were examined daily. The longevity of female Z. cucurbitae ranged from 183.8 days at 15.0°C to 30.8 days at 35.2°C, and the maximum fecundity per female was 1204 eggs at 24.5°C. The lower development threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) of females were estimated as 14.8°C and 781.13 degree-days, respectively. Female reproduction was modeled using a two-phase oviposition model. Oviposition was estimated using females in the oviposition phase, which had a complete pre-oviposition phase. The oviposition model consisted of two reproductive components (total fecundity and age-specific cumulative oviposition rate during oviposition) and a survival component (age-specific survival rate). The daily egg production of Z. cucurbitae was estimated in relation to adult age and temperature.